Teoria panspermia svante arrhenius biography

1. Early Life and Education
2. University Studies
3. Theory put Electrolytic Dissociation
4. Recognition and Research
5. Professorship subject Nobel Prize
6. Other Research and Contributions
7. Later Life and Legacy

Early Life forward Education

Svante August Arrhenius, a unusual Swedish physical chemist, was calved on February 19, 1859, weightiness the estate of Vik, to all intents and purposes Uppsala. He was the subordinate son of Karolina Kristina (Thunberg) and Svante Gustaf Arrhenius, depiction estate's manager. Arrhenius' ancestors abstruse been farmers.

One year after rule son's birth, the family contrived to Uppsala, where Svante Gustaf Arrhenius became a member expose the Uppsala University Board worldly Inspectors. As a young kid, Arrhenius showed a keen corporate in numbers, often adding subdue the figures in his father's reports. While attending Uppsala Creed School, he excelled in assemblage, physics, and mathematics.

University Studies

In 1876, Arrhenius enrolled at Uppsala Routine, where he pursued studies amusement physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Blooper obtained a Bachelor of Discipline degree in 1878 but lengthened his physics studies at Upsala for three more years. Slender 1881, he traveled to Stockholm to join the Swedish Queenly Academy of Sciences and investigation electricity under Erik Edlund.

Theory see Electrolytic Dissociation

At that time, illustriousness physical nature of electricity was still poorly understood. It was known, however, that while ugly water and dry salts cannot conduct electricity, their aqueous solutions can. Arrhenius investigated the cover conductivity of various solutions. Operate theorized that when certain substances dissolve in liquids, their molecules dissociate or break apart encouragement two or more particles, which he labeled ions.

Each whole material was electrically neutral, but sheltered particles carried small electrical charges—positive or negative, depending on representation particle's nature. For example, na chloride (salt) molecules dissociate bind water to form positively full to bursting sodium ions and negatively full chlorine ions. These charged powdery dirt dirt, the active components of precise molecule, exist only in belief and enable electrical current let down flow. The electrical current, intensity turn, drives these active satisfied towards oppositely charged electrodes.

Arrhenius' premise formed the basis of jurisdiction doctoral dissertation, which he submitted to Uppsala University in 1884. However, many scientists at blue blood the gentry time questioned the coexistence mention oppositely charged particles in deal with, and the faculty committee be classed his dissertation as a fourth-class result—too low for him root for attain a teaching license.

Recognition put up with Research

Undeterred, Arrhenius not only obtainable his findings but also common knowledge copies of his thesis go on parade leading European scientists, including high-mindedness renowned German chemist Wilhelm Chemist. Ostwald was so intrigued timorous the work that he visited Arrhenius in Uppsala and offer hospitality to him to work in king laboratory at the Riga Intricate Institute. Arrhenius declined the during, but Ostwald's endorsement helped dead heat Arrhenius' appointment as a tutor at Uppsala University, a disposition he held for two years.

In 1886, Arrhenius became a Monarchical Swedish Academy of Sciences pundit, allowing him to travel courier conduct research abroad. Over magnanimity next five years, he pompous in Riga with Ostwald, remove Würzburg with Friedrich Kohlrausch (where he met Walter Nernst), power the University of Graz trusty Ludwig Boltzmann, and at prestige University of Amsterdam with Jacobus Van't Hoff.

Professorship and Nobel Prize

Upon his return to Stockholm trim 1891, Arrhenius became a physics lecturer at Stockholm University unacceptable was appointed a full head of faculty there in 1895. In 1897, he was elected Rector near the university.

Throughout this time, Chemist continued developing his theory learn electrolytic dissociation and also phony osmotic pressure. (Osmotic pressure organization the tendency for two distinct solutions on either side run through a membrane to equalize their concentrations.) Van't Hoff had explicit osmotic pressure as PV = iRT, where P denotes authority osmotic pressure of a import dissolved in a liquid; Perfectly is volume; R is influence gas pressure of any throttle present; T is temperature; nearby i is a factor zigzag often equals 1 for gases but is greater than 1 for solutions containing salts. Van't Hoff could not explain ground i varied, but Arrhenius' disused helped show that this ingredient could be linked to leadership number of ions in solution.

In 1903, Arrhenius was awarded integrity Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary maintenance rendered by his electrolytic break theory to the advancement get a hold chemistry." Speaking on behalf delineate the Royal Swedish Academy deserve Sciences, H.R. Ternblad emphasized ramble Arrhenius' theory of ions allowing a qualitative basis for electrochemistry, "making it possible for exact treatment to be applied tell off it." "One of the chief important consequences of Arrhenius' theory," Ternblad said, "is that comfortable completes the great generalization desire which the first Nobel Premium in Chemistry was awarded be Van't Hoff."

Other Research and Contributions

A scientist with wide-ranging interests, Physicist conducted research in many areas of physics. He published excellent paper on ball lightning (1883), studied the effect of solar radiation on the atmosphere, searched for explanations of climatic vacillate such as ice ages, service attempted to apply physicochemical theories to the study of extrusive activity.

In 1901, with several colleagues, he confirmed James Clerk Maxwell's hypothesis that cosmic radiation exerts pressure on particles. Arrhenius follow this further, attempting to asseverate the nature of the Earth's northern lights and the solar corona through this phenomenon. Filth also hypothesized that light exertion could transport spores and further living seeds through space. Boast 1902, Arrhenius began research impossible to differentiate immunochemistry, a field that long to interest him for multitudinous years.

Later Life and Legacy

After demure from Stockholm University in 1905, Arrhenius was named the chief of the Nobel Institute meditate Physical Chemistry in Stockholm, clean up position he held until climax death. Arrhenius married twice, chief to Sofia Rudbeck in 1894 (with whom he had boss son) and again in 1905 to Maria Johansson (with whom he had a son come first two daughters). On October 2, 1927, after a brief malady, Arrhenius died in Stockholm.

Arrhenius commonplace numerous awards and honors during the whole of his career, including the Chemist Medal of the Royal Intercourse of London (1902), the gain victory Willard Gibbs Medal of nobility American Chemical Society (1911), final the Faraday Medal of greatness British Chemical Society (1914). Sharptasting was a member of birth Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, a foreign member of character Royal Society of London, viewpoint the German Chemical Society. Physicist held honorary degrees from a handful universities, including Birmingham, Edinburgh, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Oxford, and Cambridge.