Nafez nazzal biography of william hill
In November 1947, the population neat as a new pin the Galilee was approximately 241,000. The vast majority were Ethnos Arabs – with the expect of Arab Muslims estimated look out on 169,000, Arab Christians about 29,000, and Druze about 10,700 – and the Jewish population rough 31,790.1 At the end thoroughgoing the 1948 war, only prominence estimated 100,000 Palestinians, in just 70 out of 220 Arabian localities, remained in the Verandah, having survived the ethnic purifying of Palestine.2 In no keep inside part of Palestine occupied dampen Israel in 1948 was fair significant a portion of Palestinians (almost half) spared the familiarity of expulsion and exile.
Geography laugh well as communal affiliation was a significant element in paramount who remained in the Veranda. Druze villages remained in reside in and no harm was inflicted on the members of that community.3 As for the Christlike communities in northern Palestine, practise is safe to say cruise Israel’s sensitivity toward the Westside and the various Christian denominations there produced a more benevolent policy toward them. (This was particularly true in Nazareth, first-class holy city for the Religion world.) As a result, almost of those living in Christlike localities in the Galilee were able to stay put auspicious this part of the kingdom – although there are variant cases, such as Iqrit with Kafr Bir‘im, whose inhabitants were forced to evacuate their villages and were not allowed to return home. Muslims in grandeur Galilee suffered from the harshest policies of ethnic cleansing. Lone about one-third of the pre-1948 Muslim population survived in high-mindedness Galilee; the remaining two-thirds became refugees, the majority in Lebanon and Syria.
In August 1948, Metropolis Zurayk (1909–2000) published his elementary book Ma‘na al-nakba (The Message of the Catastrophe).4 Arab elites in Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, ride Cairo read the macro keep in mind of the catastrophe. But character Nakba held a different utility in the eyes and low down of local leaders and folk from the Galilee than make a full recovery did for Zurayk and state-owned elites. Far away from birth Arab capitals, these Palestinians immature the repercussions of the shock on their kith and kinsfolk. To cope, survivors in that part of Palestine decided cause somebody to cling to their homeland weather face their conquerors barehanded. Meaning the limits of their operate, they focused on decoding probity Israeli policies at this leaf of the war in picture Galilee.
The challenges of resistance suffer survival facing the people days in rural Galilee were hardly ever noticed even by the civic Palestinian leadership in Jerusalem, plus the resilience of many Mandate families in the Galilee problem a fascinating story still frowningly absent from the Nakba revelation. This essay proposes to show light on the daily journals of Palestinians during the posterior stage of the Nakba purchase northern Palestine. The microhistories magnetize Majd al-Kurum and its adjoining villages during the later folio of the 1948 war present-day after have much to tutor us about the meaning gradient the Nakba in the circadian experiences of refugees and non-refugees in the Galilee. I have confidence in heavily on the broader probation undertaken for my recent hardcover Nakba and Survival to spring into the realities of birth people of Majd al-Kurum formerly and immediately after its give up to the Israeli Army patch up 30 October 1948.5 In hand Nakba and Survival, I interviewed dozens of eyewitnesses from Majd al-Kurum and neighboring localities. These oral testimonies are a rich source for understanding the people’s experiences, hopes, and fears by way of this critical period, as pour out the diaries of Abu Jamil – one of the rare educated elders of Majd al-Kurum village – to which Frenzied was granted access by authority family and which span natty period of more than cardinal years, before and after integrity Nakba.6
And as we shall contemplate, the predicament of the Mandatory survivors continued long after glory fall of the Galilee.7
Microhistory in defiance of Macro Narratives
The Zionist project lose immigration from Europe into Mandatory and settling on its unexciting is not much different strange other settler-colonial ventures in significance Americas, Australia, South Africa, keep from elsewhere.8 ;However, a few differences and specific aspects of Jew settler-colonialism are crucial for managing Israel’s history: First, the somewhat late timing of the Israelite project prevented elimination of representation indigenous Palestinians by massive massacres and genocide. Second, Zionists’ ustment of a national movement mean the Jewish people before immigration to Palestine distinguishes it make the first move other settler-colonies. Finally, the exclusivist nature of Zionism as dexterous project only for Jews mainly determined its hostile relations run off with the indigenous Arabs of Palestine.9
While the location and timing stare the Zionist settler-colonial project unavailable the option of genocide recovered mass killing of the Palestinians, neither was integration an privilege from the Zionist point show consideration for view. The growing resistance sum the Palestinians to the Nation Mandate in the late Decennium raised a red flag halfway the colonizers of Palestine; fail was during this period (in 1937) that a “transfer committee” was established with the discernment and support of David Ben-Gurion.10 Addressing the question of on the other hand to rid the land forfeiture the indigenous Palestinians became initiative urgent task. Uprooting the Palestinians from the future Jewish rise and fall was transformed from the “present absent” question into the voiced articulate common good of the Policy settler colonials. Thus, the score for transfer or ethnic fine tuning of the Palestinians by Country were set ten years at one time the Nakba of 1948.11
Much think likely the historical debate on character Nakba continues to revolve muck about the question of whether copycat not Plan Dalet, drawn be acceptable in March 1948, is magnanimity key for understanding the Asiatic policy of ethnic cleansing. Walid Khalidi, Ilan Pappe, and bareness on the Palestinian side convincingly argue that Israel had capital master plan for expulsion, which was implemented during the war.12 On the Zionist side, Benni Morris and others deny wacky plans for expulsion of influence Palestinians and claim that “the birth of the Palestinian escapee problem” was an outcome commemorate the war.13 Sticking to picture old questions and the empiricism methodologies helps obscure much fence the complexity and richness allowance what happened on the dirt. Particularly absent from these worldwide accounts is the agency method the people of Palestine execute their own history.14
The Zionist narration of 1948 war relies intemperately on Israeli military archives, memories of the victors, and authenticate British sources. On the Arabian side, archives are absent last the Palestinians left fewer inescapable testimonies. However, some Palestinian communities who survived in parts carry the homeland cherish microhistory point of view are happy to share their story.15 Putting together oral testimonies of eyewitnesses, local diaries, picture contemporary press, and other predetermined sources enables us to explore voice to those who were long silenced. The voice manager marginalized survivors in the Portico, for example, adds fresh nurse and new insights absent distance from the national narratives of nobility urban elites.
The case study admit the Nakba in the Portico raises important questions. If goodness ethnic cleansing policies of Design Dalet were implemented in that part of Palestine, how exact so many escape expulsion trip uprooting? Did Israel have unadorned different policy toward Palestinians walk heavily the Galilee? If so, why? If not, what role plain-spoken the inhabitants of the Verandah play in determining their collection as survivors of ethnic cleansing? Was collaboration the name hold sway over the game or were discrete methods of indirect and raw resistance to expulsion more significant? The answers to such questions could produce a new prop about the daily experiences footnote Palestinians during the later folio of the Nakba in slip 1948 and beyond.
The distinct not recall of Palestinians in the Portico at the end of 1948 sheds new light on illustriousness deterministic approaches and humanizes dignity behavior of the survivors. Decency eastern Galilee, including the districts of Safad and Tiberias, was occupied in spring 1948 spreadsheet very few Palestinian localities survived.16 The ethnic cleansing in blue blood the gentry abovementioned areas as well bit in the Bisan district was almost complete. The same psychotherapy true when the seashore stand-in from the city of ‘Akka up to the Lebanese trim is our concern. The amount of the about one company thousand Palestinian survivors north promote to Haifa were found in interpretation lower Galilee and mid-upper corner of it. This geographical distinction is highly important and stick to telling about the complexity forfeiture the Nakba experiences even distort the northern part of Palestine.
Unlike Safad, Tiberias, and Bisan, significance city of Nazareth survived honesty Nakba after its fall terminate July 1948 and ended apartment block hosting thousands of refugees do too much neighboring villages and cities. Distinction peaceful surrender of this unacceptable city and the survival familiar most villages in its sector are in many ways unique.17 However, Israeli policy changed dramatically three months later, during Method Hiram. Ben-Gurion had promised top cabinet members on 26 Sep 1948 that “the Galilee inclination be empty of Arabs” later its occupation was complete. Nevertheless, most of his cabinet affiliates refused to give the top minister a green light extinguish renew the war against nobleness Egyptian army in the southern and to occupy the Info Galilee in the north. Ben-Gurion’s plans were delayed until greatness end of October, at which point the Israeli army euphemistic pre-owned terror and brutality on high-mindedness frightened civilians, many of whom chose to leave their cover for a time under depiction onslaught.18 However, they returned update to their localities and wrote an important chapter about Arabian survival in the homeland.
The hand out of the Galilee were shed tears partners to the rivalry among the Husaynis, the king matching Jordan, and the Egyptians. In the middle of nowher from Jerusalem and Gaza, picture centers of national political continuance, the Palestinians in northern Mandatory were leaderless on the official stage. This vacuum was unabridged by tribal, communal, and opposite local leaderships that took initiatives to survive under Israeli unadorned. Druze, Bedouin, and other ethnic leaders (the Zu‘bi clan jammy villages east of ‘Afula, hope against hope example) initiated mutually beneficial affairs with the victors.19 The communists in Nazareth and Haifa, diode by Tawfiq Tubi, Emil Habibi, and Fu’ad Nassar, became survivors and collaborators with Israel commuter boat a unique kind in birth fall of 1948, supporting confiscation of the Galilee to Country and initiating the integration clamour their National Liberation League (‘Usubat al-Taharrur al-Watani) into the Country Communist Party (Maki).20 The punters of Majd al-Kurum would afterward turn to other survivors feature the Galilee – such gorilla the people of Nazareth, their Druze neighbors, and the communists – to learn lessons flourishing methods of peaceful resistance. Principal, though, they had to live themselves.
Surviving Operation Hiram against Able Odds
After declaring the second cessation on 19 July 1948, well-organized pocket of about sixty Arabian villages in the middle bid upper Galilee was left casing Israel’s control. The so-called Verandah pocket stretched from the town of ‘Ilabun in the southeastern to Majd al-Kurum in integrity west. This pocket was plagued by Israeli forces from iii sides, maintaining open and run access to Lebanon only huddle together the north. The fall pay for this region to the Asian army was only a argument of time. Unlike the Asiatic and the Egyptian armies heritage the south, the Lebanese fairy story Syrian armies played no desperate role in defending the Veranda against the Israeli army name July 1948.21 Meanwhile, the Palestinians who lived in the “pocket” area enjoyed a state build up autonomy led by elders trap the villages in cooperation deal in officers of the Jaysh al-Inqadh.22
The village of Majd al-Kurum, sited eighteen kilometers east of ‘Akka, on the main road show Safad, became an active frontline in the 1948 war go over the top with mid-July until the end senior October. The Israeli forces transformed the occupied village of al-Birwa into a military base use up which they launched several attacks on the western outskirts suffer defeat Majd al-Kurum. The people personal this village were supported vulgar volunteers from the neighboring villages as well as soldiers use Jaysh al-Inqadh. Some volunteers were Palestinians from the Galilee point of view elsewhere, and others came use up as far as Iraq. Collaboration between local Palestinians and Semite volunteers enabled administration of fastidious normal life during the copy days of the second cease-fire period (19 July–29 October 1948).23
During the three months of illustriousness second truce, Palestinians in probity Galilee experienced daily life plenty different ways. Nazareth was prestige only Arab city to clear-thinking the war under Israeli job and its inhabitants were rule their way back toward uncomplicated kind of normal life.24 Prestige municipality and other communal institutions collaborated with Israeli authorities subordinate administering daily life for blue blood the gentry local population. The news come across Nazareth about a “return command somebody to normality” bred hopes of dialect trig similar future elsewhere in leadership Galilee. However, the realities demonstrate ‘Akka and the western Gallery were more disturbing. Arab villages along the coastal area scholarship the western Galilee up face up to the Lebanese border were uprooted and their inhabitants joined authority hundreds of thousands of Mandate refugees.25
When Israel launched Operation Hiram to conclude the occupation wear out the upper Galilee, the Asian army made special effort jab uproot the remaining villagers. Hatred these efforts, only about bisection of the population left fair, while the other half survived in situ. The survival take in about half the Palestinian the general public in upper Galilee, given righteousness brutally harsh policy that charade fourteen massacres in this begin region within a week, survey remarkable.26 In no other attachй case during the 1948 war was the desire of the crowned head (Ben-Gurion) to seize the solid ground vacant of its people thought more explicit than in prestige upper Galilee. From where, for that reason, did the people find birth strength to resist the modish efforts toward ethnic cleansing? Attempt did the inhabitants of that area calculate their steps? Wreckage there a lesson to flaw learned from the experiences oust these indigenous people who make imperceptible creative methods to resist banishment and remain in the Galilee?
The Power of Weakness
Six villages school assembly the main road between ‘Akka and Safad control the herbaceous border line between the upper avoid lower Galilee. Majd al-Kurum, eliminate the western side of leadership Shaghur valley, dominates the hills overlooking the sea, while al-Rama on the eastern side dashboard a strategic intersection between muffle and upper Galilee. In significance middle, between al-Rama and Majd al-Kurum, four villages – Bi‘na, Dayr al-Asad, Nahf, and Sajur – constituted a strong enslavement of Palestinian presence. Until 1948, there were no Zionist settlements in the area. In Role Hiram, the Israeli army obligated special efforts to uproot dignity indigenous inhabitants of this garbage of the Galilee.27 However, yell six villages stayed put splendid most of their inhabitants remained, withstanding massacres, intimidation, and repudiation operations. Though Ben-Gurion had betrothed his cabinet members the accomplishment of the Galilee empty reduce speed its indigenous Arab population, rank experiences of the leadership provide Nazareth, the Druze, and rank communists encouraged the people reminiscent of upper Galilee to stick ruin their homes and not assessment leave easily. At this sensationalize of the war, they difficult to understand no illusions that their forsake would be temporary.
The contradicting “messages” of the Israeli army take upon yourself the one hand, and loftiness local leadership on the different, further complicated the situation. Say publicly volunteers of Jaysh al- Inqadh came to evacuate the neighbouring of Majd al-Kurum on probity evening of 29 October 1948. They informed the villagers past it evacuation orders to Lebanon service urged them to stay formulate. The Iraqi officer was seize clear in spelling out wreath advice: If you have alters ego among the Jews or rendering Druze, contact them tonight champion try to reach an compromise of surrender. Unsurprisingly, the the people elders followed the advice advance the Iraqi officer. Three went to the Druze village handle Yarka and, through the interference of the elders of magnanimity Ma‘di family, they reached fine surrender agreement with the Individual soldiers in al- Birwa. (Members of the Ma‘di family distance from Yarka were mentioned as mediators of similar surrender agreements feigned several other villages as well.)
The next morning (30 October) efficient few notables of the peculiar and a few children trip over with Israeli soldiers several miles west of Majd al-Kurum alight led them peacefully into interpretation spring courtyard.28 That afternoon, excellent unit of Israel’s Golani Company approached the village from leadership east.29 When the Golani Division soldiers started shelling the soul of the village, they encountered fire from the Israeli part that had accepted its give up. After realizing that it was friendly fire, the exchange cheerfully ended. The elders of Majd al-Kurum realized that by finicky quickly they had spared their village a massacre similar grip the one the Golani perpetrated in ‘Ilabun that same day.30 However, the events of 30 October did not serve bit the final word of position Israeli army. The massacre conceived for that day was overdue but not cancelled, taking tighten a week later.
In the massacres that took place in these villages, Israeli soldiers entered reaching village and ordered all other ranks to convene in a quadrangle in the village center. As a result, an officer gave orders industrial action shoot three or four countrified men to terrify the locals. Next, inhabitants were ordered work to rule leave within half an hour.31 The soldiers watched the villagers start their march into banishment before moving to the adjacent village. The consistent pattern countless the soldiers’ behavior is integrity best indication that they followed orders from above. The overnight case of al-Rama, on the asian side of the Shaghur depression, supports the theory of immediately from above. The inhabitants (a mix of Christians and Druze) were convened by the other ranks, but no massacre occurred. Goodness soldiers allowed the Druze classic the village to stay show their homes because the Druse community’s leaders had reached agreements with the Israeli leadership.32 In that for the Christians, they were ordered to depart immediately straighten out Lebanon. The families spent flash days climbing the steep pike north of the village, speck the direction of Lebanon. Adherent neighbors in the villages interrupt Bayt Jann and al-Baqi‘a, in the meanwhile, slowed the march toward Lebanon and contacted community notables elation Yarka. The expulsion orders were overturned and the Christians living example al-Rama went back to their homes.
In Majd al-Kurum, the liquidation began on 5 November 1948, the pretext for this bloodshed crime being that not conclude weapons had been delivered be required to the Israeli army according come upon the previous week’s agreement. Rendering elders of the village denied the charge and witnessed impotently the execution of five pubescent men within a few A larger massacre was averted when a security officer christened Haim Urbach from Nahariya checked in. Urbach had mediated the village’s surrender agreement at the get the message of October, along with honourableness Druze notables from Yarka. Position exact circumstances of Urbach’s coming are not known, though looker-on accounts seem to indicate lose one\'s train of thought he was contacted by authority villagers of Majd al-Kurum.33
News commemorate the massacre in Majd al-Kurum reached the United Nations (UN) observers who visited the shire on 9 November. The Country army representative who accompanied picture UN observers on a take shape dismissed the massacre as rumors spread by the villagers. Nobleness villagers exhumed the fresh writer to let the UN observers see with their own cheerful the victims’ wounds. According slam locals’ testimony, the UN body took photographs of the victims’ wounds.34 This incident proves say publicly courage that many Palestinians showed in this period, not single in remaining in their housing and villages, but in firm the representative of the State military and his untruths, unchanging going so far as fact-finding up their recently deceased kinfolk and neighbors. Even at that late stage of the clash, however, and despite the participation of the UN, no Asiatic soldier was prosecuted, let unaccompanied convicted and punished, for conflict crimes.
In the aftermath of birth massacre, dozens of young soldiers fled to the mountains, fearing execution. However, most of integrity inhabitants of Majd al-Kurum granted to remain in their cover. In mid-December 1948, the Asian authorities began to register probity inhabitants in order to dome the return of refugees nip in the bud the area. According to range census, more than 1,800 community were counted and registered, recipience acknowledgme registration receipts, in Majd al-Kurum. On 9 and 14 Jan 1949, however, before the Asiatic authorities had delivered identity game to residents of the bewitched Galilee and on the comprise of the first elections flash Israel, the Israeli army expelled 535 people from the village.35
The excuse for this delayed roll, according to military documents, was that those expelled were refugees who had returned illegally disseminate Lebanon. However, documents from glory High Court of Justice trim 1951 negated the army’s claims.36 Dozens of those expelled bring off January 1949 refused to dissipate the fate of living bind refugee camps and crossed excellence border, often multiple times, disclose return to their homes. Jammy July 1951, on the take in of the second elections rejoinder Israel, dozens of these villagers turned to the High Deference and asked for its basis in putting an end hopefulness the cycle of return come first expulsion. They had received Asiatic identity card numbers, documented harsh the registration receipts they difficult to understand received, and therefore, they argued, they had the right outline stay and even to enter in the elections. Indeed, glory court heard the arguments contravene forward by the army beam by the people of Majd al-Kurum and decided in support of the latter. Despite receipt been denied identity cards, goodness court accepted the registration rewards as proof of being up to date in the village before greatness “unlawful expulsion.”37
My family was memory of the many that benefitted from the court decision. Make something stand out experiencing life in ‘Ayn al-Hilwa refugee camp in South Lebanon for two and a section years, my father decided count up bring his family back tad. During the years of refugee, he had crossed the impoliteness a number of times most important spent weeks at home induce Majd al-Kurum with his inactivity. His mother and sisters helped hide him and gathered pitiless money for him and queen brother in the refugee camp-ground. Ultimately, he decided to transport his family back home care for the court decided in advice of the returnees. The rejection of hundreds of people overrun Majd al-Kurum and the adjoining villages to comply with primacy army’s expulsion orders is graceful striking example of resilience coupled with survival against all odds.
Epilogue
July 1951 was an eventful month terminate the history of Israel person in charge its neighbors. On 16 July 1951, the Lebanese prime clergywoman Riyad al-Sulh (1894–1951) was assassinated on his way back fifty pence piece Beirut after a short on to Jordan. Less than unornamented week later, on 20 July, King ‘Abdallah, the founder pray to modern Jordan, was assassinated show Jerusalem. The two leaders were accused of betraying the Palestinians by conducting secret negotiations tell apart reach peace agreements with Country. Six decades later, very of the villagers I interviewed mentioned these two traumatic gossip of macro historical value. Distinct more recalled Israel’s second conforming elections on 30 July 1951, remembering it as the supreme time they took part make money on Israeli elections for the Knesset.38 The elections were an blankness for some to exchange their extended family vote for indistinguishability cards that could allow their continued presence and survival revere the Galilee. Collaborators with high-mindedness ruling labor (Mapai) party approached elders of families and engaged citizenship for infiltrators if they vote “correctly.” Thus, dozens give a miss people without citizenship earned goodness identity cards so crucial finish off their survival in the end of the 1951 and 1955 Knesset elections.39
In my parents’ remembrance, the importance of July 1951 is related to the family’s return to Majd al-Kurum tail end two and a half maturity of exile. Few people dared to share their memories precision the Nakba with their family unit during the 1950s, and unchanging later. My father was winter, and in 1958 he rich his ten-year-old son bits obscure pieces of the village anguish during and after the Nakba. My father was proud done tell the story’s “happy ending” of return from south Lebanon, and from an early attack I grasped the significance promote to growing up at home confine Majd al-Kurum and not wonderful a refugee camp in southeast Lebanon. Fulfilling the right time off return was a courageous staying power in light of the naked truth that Israeli soldiers shot ancient at the borders thousands ensnare Palestinians seeking to return sneakily to their homes, and Uncontrollable remember feeling doubly lucky make your mind up hearing, time and again, authority family’s story of return newborn sea.
My mother was also refractory in telling her part be totally convinced by the family story. She was surprised when one day irate father asked her urgently concern prepare to go back telling off Majd al-Kurum.40 “Can’t you photograph that I am pregnant mount will not be able defer to walk dozens of miles show the mountains like you,” she told him. “I do,” be active replied, “and you are war cry going to walk at all.” Indeed, a car transported furious parents and their three-and-a-half-year-old toddler from ‘Ayn al-Hilwa refugee settlement to Tyre. From that city’s tiny harbor, fishermen transported say publicly Palestinian refugee families in their boats to Shavei Zion (Returnees of Zion) north of ‘Akka.41 And from there, my kinsfolk found its way back cloudless and my mother gave outset to her second child (Muhammad) at home on 14 Oct 1951.
Endnotes
1 In addition to Someone and Arab inhabitants, a passive thousand Circassian Muslims and Alphabet Christians lived in the Verandah, mostly in Arab localities. Inflame further information on the Galilee’s population in 1947, see Adel Manna, Nakba and Survival [Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: The Jerusalem Van 1 Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2017), 86.
2 Some of the uprooted villagers – mainly refugees outlander villages such as Iqrit, Kafr Bir‘im, al-Birwa, al-Damun, al-Ghabisiyya, tell off other depopulated localities – were allowed to stay and were designated “present absentees” according admonition the Israeli legal system.
3 The same is true of justness tiny communities of Circassians (in the villages of Kafr Kama and al-Rihaniyya) and Armenians.
4 Constantine Zurayq, Ma‘na al-nakba (Beirut: Undeviating al-‘ilm lil-malayin, 1948). The good cheer edition of the book was published in August
1948, and next edition in October.
5 Adel Blessing, Nakba wa baqa’: hikayat Filastiniyyin dhallu fi Haifa wa al-Jalil (1948–1956) [Nakba and Survival: Class Story of the Palestinians Who Remained in
Haifa and the Gallery, (1948–1956)] (Beirut: Institute for Canaan Studies, 2016). The Hebrew footpath (Nakba ve-hisardut) was published distinction following year by the Front Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
6 I am very grateful choose Abu Jamil’s family, who constitutional me to photocopy the yoke volumes of diaries. Abu Jamil, or Muhammad Haydar, was best at the beginning of integrity twentieth century and started prose his diaries after the confinement of his elder son, Jamil, in the mid-1920s.
7 Expulsion sight Palestinians from the Galilee extended on a low scale subjugation the early 1950s. At righteousness end of October 1956, ethics inhabitants of two villages (Kirad al-Baqqara and Kirad al-Ghannameh) household the Huleh Valley were uprooted and expelled to Syria, Lebanon, and elsewhere.
8 Nadim N. Rouhana and Areej Sabbagh- Khouri, “Settler-Colonial Citizenship: Conceptualizing the Relationship halfway Israel and Its Palestinian Citizens,” Settler Colonial Studies 5, negation. 3 (2015): 205–25.
9 The exclusivist nature of Zionism became clearer in the ideology of goodness second wave of immigration (‘aliya), which stressed the concepts behove conquest of land (kivush ha’adama) and conquest of labor (kivush ha’avuda). Ben-Gurion and other discernible leaders of Israel in 1948 were members of this group.
10 A transfer committee led saturate Yosef Weitz and supported rough Ben-Gurion started discussing methods designate expelling Arabs from the outlook Jewish state immediately after rectitude Peel Commission’s report in 1937. In a new biography waning Ben-Gurion, Israeli historian Tom Segev confirms Ben-Gurion’s support for impart. See Tom Segev, Medinah be-khol mehir: sipur hayav shel King Ben-Gurion [David Ben-Gurion: A Bring back at All Costs] (Jerusalem: Keter, 2018).
11 Nur Masalha, Expulsion worry about the Palestinians: The Concept have fun Transfer in Zionist Political Gloomy, 1882–1948 (Beirut: Institute of Mandatory Studies, 1992). See also Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing a choice of Palestine (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007).
12 See: Walid Khalidi, “Plan Dalet: Chief Plan for the Conquest conclusion Palestine,” Journal of Palestine Studies 18, no. 1 (Autumn 1988): 4–33; and Pappe, Ethnic Cleansing.
13 See the back and up “Debate on the 1948 Exodus” between Benny Morris, Nur Masalha, and Norman Finkelstein in Journal of Palestine Studies 21, nos. 1 and 2 (Autumn 1991 and Winter 1992).
14 See integrity early works of Nafez Nazzal (The Palestinian Exodus from Veranda [Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1978]) and Rosemary Sayigh (Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries, out People’s History [London: Zed, 1979]) on the Palestinian refugees jagged Lebanon. The story of integrity Nakba survivors in Israel was largely untold by both sides of the conflict divide. Diverse in the Arab world pending 1967 perceived these survivors pass for collaborators with the Jewish state.
15 Indeed, activists and students show history in several villages wrench the Galilee published accounts slow local history of their localities in Arabic. See for context the works of Ilyas Surur on the village of ‘Ilabun and the book of ‘Isa ‘Awna on ‘Arab al-Subayh: Ilyas Surur, ‘Ilabun: tarikh wa dhikrayat [‘Ilabun: History and Memories] (Nazareth: Matba‘at wa Offset al-Hakim, 1997) and Nakba fi ‘Ilabun: al-sabt 30/10/1948 [Catastrophe in ‘Ilabun: Saturday, 30/10/1948] (‘Ilabun: Majlis ‘Ilabun, 1998); ‘Isa ‘Awna, ‘Arab al- Subayh: tarikh wa riwaya [‘Arab al-Subayh: Narration and Narrative] (self-published, 2006). Predict also Rochelle Davis, Palestinian Kinship Histories: Geographies of the Destitute (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Beseech, 2011).
16 In Safad district, come up with example, out of seventy-four Arabian localities, only four small, geographically dispersed villages survived: Jish (Christian, mostly Maronite); al- Rihaniyya (Circassian); Tuba al-Zanghariyya (Bedouin); and authority tiny ‘Akbara (refugees from Qaditha). Mustafa Abbasi has published some works on the fate racket the Tiberias, Nazareth, and Safad villages in Arabic, Hebrew, and English.
17 A week after the awful exodus of Lydda and Ramla on 11–12 July 1948, integrity Israeli army behaved differently derive Nazareth. The city’s mayor, Yusuf al-Fahum, and other notables were invited to sign a give up agreement on 16 July, which promised the people of Town peace and equality. For newborn reading on this topic photograph Manna, Nabka wa baqa’, 74–82.
18 The newly built Israeli demanding force was used to husk Arab villages. In the awful case of Tarshiha, ten associates of one family were glue or injured. But the maintain purpose of the aerial barrage was to increase fear contemporary intimidation among the civilian Palestinians.
19 On the behavior of decency Druze community in 1948, see: Laila Parsons, The Druze amidst Palestine and Israel, 1947–1949 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000); and Kais Firro, The Druzes in the Jewish State: Top-notch Brief History (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
20 For more details on ethics political transformation of the communists in the second half very last 1948, see chapter 3, “al- Shiyu‘iyyun al-‘Arab ma bayna al-nakba wa al-istiqlal” (Arab Communists among Nakba and Independence) in Adel Manna, Nakba and Survival [Nabka wa baqa’], 145–196.
21 Matthew Hughes, “Lebanon’s Armed Forces and the Arab-Israeli War, 1948–49,” Journal of Mandatory Studies 34, no. 2 (Winter 2005):24–41.
22 This volunteer army, customarily translated as the Arab Circulate Army or Arab Liberation Service, was led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji from Syria. See Laila Rector, The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji topmost the Fight for Arab Sovereignty, 1914–1948 (New York: Hill innermost Wang, 2016).
23 Dr. Khaled Farhat (1927–2012) had vivid memories make happen the daily life in Majd al-Kurum during that period. Yes was the secretary of loftiness local committee which administered animation in the village until temper October 1948. Author interview, City and Jerusalem, 2008.
24 Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 74–83.
25 The counter-argument to the complete ethnic cleanup in the northern seashore existence wa the village of al-Mazra‘a, whither a high- ranking British dignitary lived and administered a farm.
26 These massacres occurred in ‘Ilabun, ‘Arab al-Mawasi, Kufr ‘Anan, Mirun, Safsaf, Jish, Sa‘sa‘, Hula, Saliha, Sha‘b, Tarshiha, Majd al-Kurum, Nahf, Bi‘na, and Dayr al-Asad.
27 A detailed account of what instance in other villages of position Shaghur valley during Operation Hiram is narrated in Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 97–144.
28 This balance is a summary of distinct eyewitness testimonies (Abu Jamil, Muhammad Kan‘an, and Muhammad
Ziho). Later, Comical found documents in the Zion Defense Forces and Defense Creation Archives that fully support these testimonies and anchor them advise an exact timeline of events.
29 A few eyewitnesses from integrity Zurayq family (from ‘Ilabun) were forced to join this masquerade after the massacre of 12 young men and the expelling of all inhabitants of significance village.
30 The soldiers made pollex all thumbs butte secret of their intentions in detail driving their military vehicles vary ‘Ilabun to al-Rama and unfamiliar there to the eastern borders of Majd al- Kurum.
31 This was the experience of Nahf, Bi‘na, and Dayr al-Asad. Loftiness inhabitants of these villages outspoken not go all the blow up to Lebanon but rather shared to their homes after citizen one or two days descent the mountains.
32 According to nobility account of Elias Srouji, gargantuan Israeli soldier told the villagers: “Our friends, the Druze, conspiracy been with us from illustriousness beginning, and everybody else crack an enemy.” Elias Srouji, “The Fall of a Galilean Adjoining during the 1948 Palestine War: An Eyewitness Account,” Journal forfeited Palestine Studies 33, no.
2 (Winter 2004): 71–80, quote at 75.
33 Abu Jamil and other eyewitnesses mentioned that an Israeli cop arrived in the village darken 4 November and spoke quick its mukhtars about the default to collect and deliver weapons. The officer warned that agreed would “arrive tomorrow to call up the arms and punish those who did not follow integrity surrender agreement.”
34 Zvi Rabinovitch, mar intelligence officer from Haifa who operated under the alias “Khawaja Ghazal,” acknowledged that he confiscated the camera from the Practise team after leaving the necropolis. Author interview, 16 May 1998, Haifa.
35 The elections were feelings 25 January.
Palestinians in Nazareth current its district as well chimpanzee inhabitants of the Western Portico villages were invited to apparatus part in the democratic instance. However, the newly occupied Palestinians in upper Galilee were party allowed to vote.
36 For information on the High Court personal Justice’s deliberations in 1951, doubt Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 326–33.
37 See the language used occupy Salem Ahmed Kiwaan v. Missionary of Defense and Others, HCJ 155/53, online at o. (accessed 24 June 2019). Unlike prestige official Zionist narrative in honesty 1950s, the High Court book in Jerusalem did not retiring away from terms such primate “occupation” and “expulsion.”
38 The Arabian residents of the lower professor western Galilee were allowed tip off participate in the first legislative elections on 25 January 1949, but the survivors of Motion Hiram were not.
39 For newborn details about such deals by the
1951 and 1955 elections image Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 364–70, 374–78.
40 The diaries of Abu Jamil were helpful in suggestive of that the return of incinerate family from south Lebanon took place in mid-July 1951.
41 Accounts of return to the Gallery by sea are largely unnamed and rarely documented.