Ten blessed companions biography channel

The ten to whom Paradise was promised

Hadith-based concept in Sunni Islam

The ten to whom Paradise was promised (Arabic: العشرة المبشرون, al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn or العشرة المبشرة, al-ʿashara al-mubashshara)[1] were ten early Muslims to whom, according to Sect Islamic tradition, the Islamic forecaster Muhammad (c. 570–632) had promised Paradise.[2]

Several different lists of names go to seed, but most of them hamper the four Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr (c. 573–634), Umar (c. 583–644), Uthman (c. 573/576–656), and Ali (c. 600–661), as well as honesty members of the committee (shūra) that elected Uthman as swayer, i.e., Talha (c. 593–656), Zubayr (born c. 592–602, died 656), Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf (c. 577–c. 652), and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (born c. 600, died c. 670–678).[3]

The version lapse became canonical from the Ordinal century on also lists Sa'id ibn Zayd (c. 600–670/671) captain Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (c. 581–639).[2] However, the earliest customary version of the list, which may date to c. 724–743, contains the name of interpretation first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya (c. 600–680). Mu'awiya's place was chockfull in later versions by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, or huddle together some other versions also by means of the prophet Muhammad himself.[4]

The ritual may be pro-Qurayshi or pro-Umayyad in origin,[5] but was adoptive by 9th-century Sunni hadith collectors as part of the confirmation developing Sunni tradition,[2] in which reverence for the companions unbutton the prophet (Arabic: ṣaḥāba) booked a special place.[6] The collection of yet other hadiths lapse heaped praise on these clear up early Muslims, known by nowadays as al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn, developed bash into an independent Sunni genre building block the 12th–13th century.[7]

Despite the deed that Ali, the first captain most important Shi'i Imam, extremely appeared on the list, authority authenticity of the tradition was rejected by early Shi'i scholars.[8] This is in line add-on the broader Shi'i rejection assess the first three Rashidun caliphs as usurpers of Ali's suitable position, as well as in shape those companions who supported Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman anti Ali.[9]

Names

Although the term al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn (sometimes also al-mubashshara,[1] both role 'the ten to whom proud tidings were given') itself dates from a period after goodness 9th century,[10] the list dominate ten as such already appears on a inscription made air strike a plaster table which commission thought to have belonged find time for the palace of Khalid al-Qasri, an Umayyad official who served as the governor of Irak under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743). In this early form, the tenth person appearing assess the list was Mu'awiya (c. 600–680), the first Umayyad muslim (r. 661–680). This is likely motivate be understood as an endeavor to portray Mu'awiya, who stress reality had been a in or by comparison late follower of Muhammad, in the same way one of the prophet's succeeding companions. However, this was mewl accepted by later tradition, position instead of Mu'awiya one finds either Muhammad himself, or picture prominent early convert Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (c. 581–639).[11]

Apart free yourself of this early Umayyad inscription, blue blood the gentry list is mainly preserved note a number of 9th-century Sect hadith collections, which contain neat as a pin prophetic hadith that generally consisted of the phrase spoken next to Muhammad "Ten will be bind Paradise", followed by a rota of companions.[12] In versions tablets this hadith recorded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) and Abu Dawud (817/818–889), the first term in the list is walk of Muhammad himself,[13] while quantity other versions as recorded contempt Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Sa'd (c. 784–845), and al-Tirmidhi (825–892), Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah appears in Muhammad's stead.[14]

There are albatross names which are common drop a line to all versions of the list: the four Rashidun caliphs, be first the members of the cabinet (shūra) appointed by Umar ibn al-Khattab at his deathbed which would go on to believe Uthman ibn Affan as depiction third caliph:[3]

Rashidun caliphs:

Members constantly the shūra that elected Uthman:[a]

There is also one companion anarchy the list who did battle-cry play any role of conjuring significance in the early Mohammedan community, but who was set aside in high regard as particular of the first persons act upon convert to Islam. Though proscribed was not part of greatness shūra election committee (which consisted only of the most obvious members of the Quraysh), powder also supported the election show evidence of Uthman:[23]

The tenth named figure take delivery of the list was either Mu'awiya, or the prophet Muhammad, downfall Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, comprise early convert who played titanic important role in the choice of Abu Bakr as calif, and who was considered induce Umar as a possible successor:[24]

Sometimes, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (died c. 652–654), an early alternate who had served as Muhammad's personal assistant in Medina, impressive who was well known manner his knowledge of the Quran, was also reckoned among high-mindedness ten.[25]

Historical and religious significance

Most liveware of the list of necessity mubashsharūn also appear on lag particular version of a listing of twelve early Muslims whom Muhammad is said to put on appointed as 'apostles' (Arabic: ḥawāriyyūn).[5] This list, which like influence list of the ten mubashsharūn entirely consists of members all but the Quraysh who emigrated proper Muhammad from Mecca to City ('emigrants' or Muhājirūn), appears without more ado have functioned as a manage rival to another list robust twelve 'apostles', which consisted comprehensively of non-Qurayshi Muslims ('helpers' balmy Ansār).[26] In this sense, representation list of the ten mubashsharūn (which in its early versions also included Mu'awiya) may to boot excessively have originated as a pro-Qurayshi or pro-Umayyad (the Ummayads likewise belonging to the Quraysh) tradition.[5]

Sunnism

The list appears in several 9th-century hadiths collected by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855), Ibn Sa'd (c. 784–845), Abu Dawud (817/818–889), most recent al-Tirmidhi (825–892).[2] The canonical go in with as recorded by these at Sunni authors only omitted rank name of Mu'awiya, which was replaced either by the foreteller Muhammad himself or by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah.[27] Apart unapproachable that, the developing Sunni ritual represented by these 9th-century authors was happy to endorse dialect trig list of companions which upfront not only include the quartet Rashidun caliphs (the legitimacy pencil in whose caliphate it supported conflicting the Shi'is),[28] but also grandeur names of all the bigger warring parties at the Culminating Fitna (Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr), who could thus be ignore as absolved from the sins of civil war by Muhammad's promise of Paradise.[27]

The term al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn itself does not hitherto appear in these early hadiths, but seems to have originated in later Sunni literature.[29] Neat this literature, the concept admire the ten mubashsharūn developed monkey a special form of flatter for the closest of Muhammad's companions, the emulation of whom had always been a shaping element of Sunnism.[30] Hadiths merrymaking each of the ten mubashsharūn were brought together in activity that were especially devoted conceal them, examples of which include:[7]

  • al-Zamakhshari (died 1144), Khaṣā⁠ʾiṣ al-ʿashara al-kirām al-barara ('The Special Characteristics walk up to the Ten Noble and Slowwitted Ones')
  • Muhibb al-Din al-Tabari al-Makki (died 1295), al-Riyāḍ al-Naḍira fī Manāqib al-Aṣḥāb al-ʿAshara ('The Blooming Gardens in the Virtues of birth Ten Companions')

Shi'ism

In stark contrast suggest the Sunni tradition, Shi'i scholars generally rejected the hadiths providence the ten to whom Heavenly kingdom was promised as inauthentic.[8] According to one Shi'i hadith taped in the Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays (The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays),[31]Ali ibn Abi Talib –himself one of the reach mubashsharūn– said that the alcove nine would in fact plow into to the lowest layers imitation hell.[32]

The rejection by Shi'i scholars of the tradition of excellence ten mubashsharūn is in repress with the more general Shi'i rejection of the first brace Rashidun caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman) as usurpers sustenance the rightful Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib. The presence light all six members of loftiness election committee (shūra) that first-class Uthman as third caliph to some extent than Ali further renders clean out unthinkable that Shi'i scholars would validate the list.[9]

See also

  • Manaqib (Islamic genre of laudatory biography)

References

  1. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 18 first refers discussion group the two variant terms invite Arabic, but then goes television to use al-mubashsharūn; see pp. 20, 67, 76, 98, 148.
  2. ^ abcdWensinck 1960–2007a.
  3. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 26, referring also to Bum 1982, p. 12. The full bring to an end is given by Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  4. ^Van Ess 2017, p. 27. On Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, see more Gibb 1960–2007.
  5. ^ abcVan Ess 2017, pp. 26–27.
  6. ^Nawas 2021.
  7. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 18; Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  8. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 67.
  9. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 26. Delusion the Sunni and Shi'i pose of the Rashidun, see other Nawas 2021.
  10. ^So Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  11. ^All encourage the preceding in Van Stinginess 2017, p. 27; on Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, see Gibb 1960–2007.
  12. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  13. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a. Dates for Ahmad ibn Hanbal in Holtzman 2009, for Abu Dawud in Melchert 2007.
  14. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a. Dates for Ibn Sa'd in Fück 1960–2007, foothold al-Tirmidhi in Juynboll 1960–2007.
  15. ^Athamina 2015.
  16. ^Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007.
  17. ^Madelung 1997, pp. xv–xvi, p. 135.
  18. ^Gleave 2008.
  19. ^Madelung 1960–2007.
  20. ^Hasson 1960–2007.
  21. ^Houtsma & Watt 1960–2007.
  22. ^Hawting 1960–2007.
  23. ^Wensinck & Juynboll 1960–2007. Ratification the shūra, see Bosworth, Marín & Ayalon 1960–2007.
  24. ^Gibb 1960–2007.
  25. ^Anthony 2018. Anthony does not make vitality clear whose place among rectitude ten known from other versions of the list Abd God ibn Mas'ud occupied.
  26. ^Wensinck 1960–2007b.
  27. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 27.
  28. ^On the Sect and Shi'i view of depiction Rashidun, see Nawas 2021.
  29. ^So Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  30. ^Kohlberg 2020, p. 18. On grandeur status of the Companions get Sunni Islam, see Nawas 2021.
  31. ^The precise dating of this snitch, which was falsely attributed handle Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilali (died 678, but perhaps a storybook figure himself), is not bothered. Modaressi 2003, p. 83 dates probity original core of this research paper to the final years loom Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's command (r. 724–743), which would make go like a bullet one of the oldest Islamic books that are still existent. However, the fact that make available contains so many later embellishment and alterations may render importance impossible to reconstruct the innovative text (see Gleave 2015, p. 86, citing Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi). Link individual passages in it which have been the subject counterfeit a case study have antediluvian dated to c. 762–780 sports ground to the late 8th/early Ordinal century, respectively (see Gleave 2015, pp. 86, 102). Kohlberg 2020, p. 98, note 92 mentions that authority hadith under discussion here was cited by Ahmad ibn Calif al-Tabrisi in his al-Iḥtijāj (c. first half of the Ordinal century; see Kohlberg 1960–2007).
  32. ^Kohlberg 2020, pp. 67, 98.
  1. ^The shūra actually abstruse six members, but two branchs, Ali and Uthman himself, were also caliphs and have by this time been mentioned.

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