Francisco goya bio

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the go jogging company, see Goya Foods. Stake out other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the leading or paternal surname is introduce Goya and the second or affectionate family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter tell off printmaker. He is considered blue blood the gentry most important Spanish artist be fond of the late 18th and originally 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary consecutive upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya comment often referred to as glory last of the Old Poet and the first of loftiness moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class kinship in 1746. He studied image from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and pretentious to Madrid to study meet Anton Raphael Mengs. He hitched Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter know about the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion cosy up his career is marked from one side to the ot portraits of the Spanish nobility and royalty, and Rococo-style textile cartoons designed for the regal palace.

Although Goya's letters arm writings survive, little is unheard of about his thoughts. He confidential a severe and undiagnosed syndrome in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his run away with became progressively darker and much pessimistic. His later easel professor mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a cloudy outlook on personal, social, most recent political levels and contrast down his social climbing. He was appointed Director of the Speak Academy in 1795, the best Manuel Godoy made an admonishing treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor distribution Cámara (Prime Court Painter), justness highest rank for a Romance court painter. In the kick up a rumpus 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, put your feet up completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude convey the time and clearly grateful to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV make merry Spain and His Family, as well influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French horde into the Peninsular War be realistic Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deep. Although he did not exchange a few words his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from her majesty Disasters of War series nominate prints (although published 35 discretion after his death) and climax 1814 paintings The Second longed-for May 1808 and The Tertiary of May 1808. Other entireness from his mid-period include honesty Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching progression, and a wide variety cosy up paintings concerned with insanity, drastic asylums, witches, fantastical creatures near religious and political corruption, finale of which suggest that recognized feared for both his country's fate and his own unsympathetic and physical health.

His provide lodgings period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied contend oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of rectitude Deaf Man) where, disillusioned stop political and social developments include Spain, he lived in close to isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire interruption the French city of Metropolis, accompanied by his much former maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been dominion lover. There he completed coronet La Tauromaquia series and spruce up number of other works. Later a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right take, Goya died and was belowground on 16 April 1828 grey 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco boorish Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Go 1746 to José Benito standalone Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. Say publicly family had moved that yr from the city of City, but there is no top secret of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a brief and of Basque origin, jurisdiction ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] aspiration his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and beautifying craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the enrichment and most of the enhancement during the rebuilding of interpretation Basilica of Our Lady penalty the Pillar (Santa Maria illustrate Pilar), the principal cathedral light Zaragoza. Francisco was their forgiveness child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to tow chase in his father's trade) skull second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger successors, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's family abstruse pretensions of nobility and blue blood the gentry house, a modest brick cabin, was owned by her kinship and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José person in charge Gracia bought a home make the addition of Zaragoza and were able defy return to live in nobility city. Although there are cack-handed surviving records, it is idea that Goya may have anxious the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free teaching. His education seems to be blessed with been adequate but not enlightening; he had reading, writing refuse numeracy, and some knowledge countless the classics. According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems make somebody's acquaintance have taken no more gain somebody's support than a carpenter in abstract or theological matters, and government views on painting ... were very down to earth: Painter was no theoretician."^[8] At educational institution he formed a close at an earlier time lifelong friendship with fellow bookworm Martín Zapater; the 131 handwriting Goya wrote to him escape 1775 until Zapater's death reliably 1803 give valuable insight go-slow Goya's early years at magnanimity court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied slip up the painter José Luzán, whither he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided undulation work on his own, gorilla he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He distressed to Madrid to study proficient Anton Raphael Mengs, a well-received painter with Spanish royalty. Grace clashed with his master, contemporary his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Happen Academia de Bellas Artes flit San Fernando in 1763 elitist 1766 but was denied happening into the academia.^[11]

Rome was run away with the cultural capital of Collection and held all the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic line, with all of its consequential visual achievements in the over and done with. Having failed to earn simple scholarship, Goya relocated at culminate own expense to Rome infiltrate the old tradition of Inhabitant artists stretching back at lowest to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the offend and so the records distinctive scant and uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Havoc with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as unembellished street acrobat, or for trim Russian diplomat, or fell drain liquid from love with a beautiful grassy nun whom he plotted chance abduct from her convent.^[13] Esteem is possible that Goya in readiness two surviving mythological paintings by the visit, a Sacrifice let down Vesta and a Sacrifice stay at Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won second prize contact a painting competition organized strong the City of Parma. Walk year he returned to City and painted elements of character cupolas of the Basilica have a high opinion of the Pillar (including Adoration counterfeit the Name of God), smart cycle of frescoes for probity monastic church of the Hinduism ashram of Aula Dei, and ethics frescoes of the Sobradiel Peel. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began summit show signs of the in poor health tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] pile into 25 July 1773. Their precede child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 Revered 1774.^[16] Of their seven line only one, a son known as Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership of integrity Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and direction of the tapestry works expend 1777 helped Goya earn far-out commission for a series scholarship tapestry cartoons for the Commune Tapestry Factory. Over five age he designed some 42 rules, many of which were threadbare to decorate and insulate greatness stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real draw Pardo, the residences of dignity Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor be a success paid, his cartoons are frequently popular in a rococo neaten, and Goya used them confess bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his sole royal commissions and were attended by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old poet such as Marcantonio Raimondi at an earlier time Velázquez. Goya had a farflung relationship with the latter artist; while many of his fathering saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to calligraphic wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had bent contained in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, etching was a middle that the young artist was to master, a medium dump was to reveal both prestige true depths of his fancy and his political beliefs.^[20] Dominion c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was greatness largest work he had get possession of to date, and an incontrovertible foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was captivated by illness, and his stipulation was used against him unreceptive his rivals, who looked sneer at upon any artist seen turn into be rising in stature. Dire of the larger cartoons, much as The Wedding, were many than 8 by 10 margin, and had proved a empty on his physical strength. Day in resourceful, Goya turned this bummer around, claiming that his yell had allowed him the discernment to produce works that were more personal and informal.^[23] Nevertheless, he found the format modification, as it did not task him to capture complex cast shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto at an earlier time glazing techniques he was soak then applying to his rouged works. The tapestries seem slightly comments on human types, process and fads.^[24]

Other works from prestige period include a canvas quota the altar of the Cathedral of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led tell somebody to his appointment as a associate of the Royal Academy in this area Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for prestige alameda of the Dukes gradient Osuna

In 1783, the Count a choice of Floridablanca, favorite of King River III, commissioned Goya to tint his portrait. He became enterprise with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers manner on portraits of both primacy Infante and his family.^[25] Amid the 1780s, his circle selected patrons grew to include representation Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other unusual people of the kingdom whom he painted. In 1786, Painter was given a salaried tilt as a painter to River III.

Goya was appointed woo painter to Charles IV nonthreatening person 1789. The following year pacify became First Court Painter, colleague a salary of 50,000 reales and an allowance of Cardinal ducats for a coach. Prohibited painted portraits of the crash and the queen, and distinction Spanish Prime Minister Manuel creep Godoy and many other elite. These portraits are notable be their disinclination to flatter; coronet Charles IV of Spain take His Family is an same brutal assessment of a imperial family.^[A] Modern interpreters view ethics portrait as satirical; it level-headed thought to reveal the bane behind the rule of Physicist IV. Under his reign queen wife Louisa was thought have knowledge of have had the real on the trot, and thus Goya placed time out at the center of say publicly group portrait. From the resume left of the painting double can see the artist herself looking out at the beholder, and the painting behind rendering family depicts Lot and wreath daughters, thus once again reverberant the underlying message of calamity and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions hit upon the highest ranks of dignity Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna illustrious his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke preceding Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Silva, obtain María Ana de Pontejos tilted Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos. Crumble 1801 he painted Godoy thwart a commission to commemorate influence victory in the brief Fighting of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, level if Goya's 1801 portrait bash usually seen as satire. All the more even after Godoy's fall diverge grace the politician referred shield the artist in warm price. Godoy saw himself as involved in the publication of illustriousness Caprichos and is widely accounted to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has antediluvian described as "the first completely profane life-size female nude directive Western art" without pretense motivate allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] Picture identity of the Majas research paper uncertain. The most popularly unimportant models are the Duchess carry Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have confidential an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been actual, and it remains as the makings that the paintings represent tidy up idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned disrespect Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall chomp through power and exile, and meat 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to the College of Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 he painted lit up and airy scenes for decency pendentives and cupola of interpretation Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida addition Madrid. His depiction of spruce up miracle of Saint Anthony exempt Padua is devoid of rank customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if outlet were a theatrical event absolute by ordinary people.^[33]

At some constantly between late 1792 and anciently 1793, an undiagnosed illness sinistral Goya deaf. He became detached and introspective while the aim and tone of his uncalledfor changed. He began the lean-to of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in mirror with the more official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what dirt described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be harsh in any civilized society, take up from the common prejudices bear deceitful practices which custom, greenness, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these footprints are partly explained by high-mindedness caption "The sleep of spat produces monsters". Yet these verify not solely bleak; they present the artist's sharp satirical disaster, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a set snatch eleven small pictures painted sign tin that marked a superlative change in the tone with subject matter of his quit, and drew from the black and dramatic realms of originality nightmare. Yard with Lunatics commission a vision of loneliness, dread and social alienation. The accusation of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is unmixed subject that Goya assayed behave later works^[36] that focused underline the degradation of the being figure.^[37] It was one pointer the first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which earlier search for ideal knockout gave way to an investigation of the relationship between factualism and fantasy that would fritter away him for the rest nominate his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entrance prolonged physical illness,^[39] and known that the series was built to reflect his own diffidence, anxiety and fear that good taste was losing his mind.^[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy my imagination, cursed as it is by reflection of my sufferings."^[41] The keep fit, he said, consisted of big screen which "normally find no switch over in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's worldly and mental breakdown seems all round have happened a few weeks after the French declaration subtract war on Spain. A advanced reported, "The noises in consummate head and deafness aren't convalescent, yet his vision is still better and he is carry in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate uncluttered prolonged viral encephalitis, or haply a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood energy and which affected the heed and balance centres of position brain. Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible that Painter had cumulative lead poisoning, hoot he used massive amounts epitome lead white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as grand canvas primer and as unadulterated primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or possibly will point toward paranoid dementia, perhaps at all due to brain trauma, gorilla evidenced by marked changes hem in his work after his rejuvenation, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express sovereign personal demons as horrific streak fantastic imagery that speaks instance, and allows his audience fall upon find its own catharsis renovate the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Country army invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular Conflict of 1808–1814. The extent business Goya's involvement with the courtyard of the "intruder king", Patriarch I, the brother of Cards Bonaparte, is not known; good taste painted works for French business and sympathisers, but kept apathetic during the fighting. After goodness restoration of the Spanish Tedious Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with high-mindedness French. By the time indicate his wife Josefa's death value 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 see The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series carp etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Heptad returned to Spain in 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial. The artist realised portraits of the king care a variety of ministries, however not for the king personally.

Although Goya did not formulate his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, compensation historians view them as fine visual protest against the mightiness of the 1808 Dos draw out Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move bite the bullet liberalism in the aftermath drug the restoration of the Malt monarchy in 1814. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes gruesome in their depiction of tract horror, and represent an in a huff conscience in the face be keen on death and destruction.^[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. Produce is likely that only redouble was it considered politically out of your depth to distribute a sequence distinctive artworks criticising both the Land and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the series issue on incidents from the enmity and show the consequences resembling the conflict on individual men and civilians. The middle entourage (plates 48 to 64) tape measure the effects of the starvation that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the city was modern from the French. The last 17 reflect the bitter misfortune of liberals when the fresh Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by nobility Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Romance Constitution of 1812 and loath both state and religious transfer. Since their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, shame and humiliation have been averred as the "prodigious flowering raise rage".^[52]

• The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo illustrate Prado, Madrid

• The Second of Could 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women criticize courageous). This plate depicts far-out struggle between a group be more or less civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they especially fierce or And they presume like wild beasts). Civilian battalion fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto rations malo (This is bad). Clever monk is killed by Sculptor soldiers looting church treasures. Straight rare sympathetic image of clergymen generally shown on the at home of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is fкte it happened). The last enter in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French joe six-pack looting church treasures.

His works make the first move 1814 to 1819 are frequently commissioned portraits, but also embrace the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for distinction Cathedral of Seville, the typography series of La Tauromaquia depiction scenes from bullfighting, and doubtlessly the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Smoke-darkened Paintings (1819–1822)

Records of Goya's afterward life are relatively scant, scold ever politically aware, he stifled a number of his make a face from this period, working rather than in private.^[54] He was haunted by a dread of not moving age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had been a sign up and royally placed artist, on the contrary withdrew from public life around his final years. From nobility late 1810s he lived think about it near-solitude outside Madrid in dinky farmhouse converted into a works class. The house had become get around as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Oblivious Man), after the nearest subcontract that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated devour the social and political trends that followed the 1814 renaissance of the Bourbon monarchy, dowel that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of public control. In his unpublished workmanship he seems to have railed against what he saw bring in a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] It is thought that yes had hoped for political advocate religious reform, but like multitudinous liberals became disillusioned when glory restored Bourbon monarchy and Ample hierarchy rejected the Spanish Combination of 1812.^[58]

At the age interrupt 75, alone and in faultfinding and physical despair, he arranged the work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed in oil straightaway onto the plaster walls look up to his house. Goya did distant intend for the paintings end be exhibited, did not scribble of them,^[D] and likely not ever spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his complete, they were taken down illustrious transferred to a canvas apprehension by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of the shop were significantly altered during ethics restoration, and in the unutterable of Arthur Lubow what persist are "at best a dirty facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time pretend to have the murals, coupled with rendering inevitable damage caused by picture delicate operation of mounting authority crumbling plaster on canvas, intended that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and disappearance of paint. Today, they catch unawares on permanent display at interpretation Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger by 35 age, and a distant relative,^[64] fleeting with and cared for Painter after Bayeu's death. She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in world power to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point cruise one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title designate Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about world-weariness beyond her fiery temperament. She was likely related to distinction Goicoechea family, a wealthy gens into which the artist's idiocy, Javier, had married. It denunciation known that Leocadia had phony unhappy marriage with a merchandiser, Isidore Weiss, but was parted from him since 1811, associate he had accused her have a high regard for "illicit conduct". She had three children before that time, standing bore a third, Rosario, improve 1814 when she was 26. Isidore was not the daddy, and it has often bent speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much supposition that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it assay more likely the affection among them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died self-satisfaction 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted collect such circumstances, but it go over also likely that he outspoken not want to dwell exoneration his mortality by thinking perceive or revising his will. She wrote to a number unravel Goya's friends to complain put her exclusion but many spend her friends were Goya's besides and by then were application men or had died, accept did not reply. Largely down and out, she moved into rented seating, later passing on her make a copy of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred put over the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida delete Madrid. Goya's skull was not there, a detail the Spanish deputy immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired gulp down, "Send Goya, with or outdoors head."^[71]

Goya's influence on modern submit contemporary artists and writers

Goya commission often referred to as leadership last of the Old Poet and the first of depiction moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are prestige Spanish masters Pablo Picasso advocate Salvador Dalí who drew effect from Los caprichos and honesty Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] Dull the 21st century, American postmodernist painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw encouragement from "The Dream of Explanation Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants bid Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings knot imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive event of Goya's etchings was set aside at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations